Top 10 Summertime Toys

One of these sexy drop-tops could be the perfect reward for your hard labor. There are plenty of options, from affordable to extravagant, so you don't have to blow your retirement savings.

Buying a car purely as a personal indulgence may be more within reach than you think. The article list of Top 10 Summertime Toys includes racy convertibles that start at about $20,000 and go up to more than 10 times that.

But exactly how much wealth do you have to amass before you can safely justify purchasing even a moderately priced convertible purely for the sake of enjoyment?

First, have enough money invested to fund your retirement until at least age 95, possibly even longer, says John Wasik, personal finance columnist and author of The Merchant of Power. “If a dream car purchase puts you into debt, then it's unwise,” he says. “Financing a depreciating asset is always a bad idea, but if a sports car makes you feel alive and you aren't financing the thrill with money you'll need later, then by all means you should put the pedal to the metal.”

We’ve concocted a list of entertaining convertibles in a wide range of prices that serve as rolling rewards for a life well lived. Far from being rational choices, ragtops convey a sense of freedom and emotion that no other vehicle can offer, which makes them popular choices as personal extravagances.

If price is a primary concern, there are affordable convertibles like the Mazda MX-5 Miata and Pontiac Solstice, both of which made our top 10 list of summer reward cars. Mid-range drop-tops like the BMW Z4 and Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class step up the luxury and performance without busting a decent-sized budget. Then there are special roadsters like the Dodge Viper SRT10, Ferrari F430 Spider and extremely rare Spyker C12 LaTurbie, an automotive testament to one’s net worth and, perhaps, need for attention.

An Emotional Choice

A car can speak volumes about its driver, says Dr. Charles Kenny, a psychologist who has conducted research for the likes of General Motors, Nissan and Toyota. He says that most car purchases fill an emotional need, whether the buyer cares to admit it or not.

“Single women do not usually want to drive four-door sedans, no matter how nice or how luxurious,” says Kenny, who is president of psychology firm The Right Brain People. “They feel that driving a four-door car says to others that they are committed, taken, settled down and are older and stodgy.”

On the other hand, those who buy ultra-luxury models might expose a need for status and uniqueness, while sports car owners may seek to impart youthful exuberance and rejuvenation. “Buying, owning, being seen in and driving fast, exciting sports cars is a way for people to reassure themselves and tell others that they can in fact be in control of their impulses — like driving too fast and doing almost anything else you can imagine to excess — while still having fun, escaping and expressing themselves,” Dr. Kenny says.

Though research shows that some drop-tops, like Volkswagen’s New Beetle Convertible, tend to have a higher percentage of female buyers, the quickest and costliest convertibles attract more of a testosterone-fueled following. See our feature on the Top 10 Luxury Vehicles Driven by Men for more on this topic.

“Men are drawn to higher-priced, ‘performance’ cars, with 41 percent citing looks and design as a key consideration,” says Doug Scott, Senior VP at the market research firm GfK Automotive. Women, on the other hand, want more conservative, value-oriented models that are fun yet affordable and practical, he says.

Chicago attorney Kathleen Zellner bucks the trend. As an avid car buff, her personal fleet currently includes a 2003 Mercedes-Benz SL55 AMG and a 2006 Porsche 911 Turbo. In a reluctant nod to practicality, as well as to her husband’s bird-hunting hobby, she also drives a Lexus LX 470 SUV.

“Driving sports cars is one of the things I’ve done to reward myself — it’s where I’ve allowed myself to be extravagant in an otherwise extremely disciplined and structured life,” Zellner says. “Plus, it’s a way to stand out in what is a male-dominated business — I like to show the guys I’m every bit as skilled a driver as they are, and probably more so.”

Renting Versus Owning

Fortunately for those who can’t afford (or can’t justify buying) a costly sports car, a growing rental market for upscale rides can help even those with more moderate salaries scratch the itch to feel affluent for a day.

For example, Altitude Dream Cars in Denver, Colo., will rent you a Lotus Elise for as little as $299 a day, or a Porsche Boxster for $349. If you want to make the ultimate impression, a Lamborghini Gallardo will set you back a staggering $1,395 for a 24-hour period. Still, that’s around $179,000 less than actually buying one to impress the former homecoming queen at your high school reunion. Click here to read more about exotic car rentals.

Regardless of how much you spend on a flashy, fun roadster, owning or even just renting one is a great reward. “Driving a good car is one of the few things in my life that I don’t overanalyze and worry about,” Zellner says. “It’s just something I enjoy.”

To make this list, cars had to be convertibles with only two seats. We left out four-seaters because of their bias toward practicality under the premise that two-seat roadsters make no such pretenses — they’re the embodiment of automotive style and encourage driving purely for the sake of enjoyment. The list reflects ForbesAutos editors’ subjective opinions based on collective reporting and test-drives.

10. Most Underrated Roadster

2007 BMW Z4
MSRP: $36,400 - $52,100

The Z4 carries all the visceral appeal of classic European roadsters, yet it tends to get lost in a crowded market. It's extremely satisfying to drive, practical enough for daily use and surprisingly calm with the top down.

Everything about the Z4 warrants a closer look, whether in the quick 215-hp 3.0i, quicker 255-hp 3.0si or quickest 333-hp M Roadster version, each of which delivers progressively sharper handling.

9. Best Budget Ragtop

2007 Mazda MX-5 Miata
MSRP: $20,500 - $26,520

A modern version of the classic roadsters from the 1960s and '70s, the MX-5 Miata remains one of the most entertaining rides at any price. An optional power retractable hardtop keeps the fun rolling when the temperature dips.

The MX-5 Miata packs a lively, 170-hp 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine with a short-throw six-speed manual gearbox among its three transmission choices. It also hugs corners like few others, making it a real value in terms of driving enjoyment per dollar.

8. Best Flash for the Cash

2007 Pontiac Solstice
MSRP: $21,500 - $27,115

Though not quite as polished as the Mazda MX-5 Miata, the two-seat Pontiac Solstice delivers exotic-car curb appeal thanks to curvaceous, low-slung styling. But don't expect a lot of storage space.

The base Solstice backs up its good looks with decent performance from a peppy 177-hp four-cylinder engine. The turbocharged 260-hp GXP version is more satisfying.

7. Most 'Affordable' Luxury Roadster

2007 Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class
MSRP: $43,350 - $62,500

Combining elegant styling and deft German engineering, the SLK doesn't force you to compromise comfort and luxury — even in cooler months. A retractable power-operated roof makes it a true four-season convertible.

Buyers can choose from 228-hp and 268-hp V6-equipped models, as well as the hot-blooded SLK55 AMG that features a burly 355-hp 5.4-liter V8 engine shoehorned under the tiny hood.

6. Best Car for Weekend Racers

2007 Lotus Elise
MSRP: $46,270

The diminutive Elise looks and acts like it belongs on a racetrack more than a roadway. Lightweight aluminum construction allows this two-seater to wring maximum velocity out of its 190-hp 1.8-liter Toyota-sourced engine and hit 60 mph in just under 5 seconds.

Serious racers should opt for the $2,495 Track Pack, which includes Bilstein dampers, an adjustable front sway bar, a rear control-arm brace and provisions for a bolt-in harness bar, all designed for hardcore track driving.

5. Best Modern Classic

2007 Chevrolet Corvette Convertible
MSRP: $52,590

The Chevrolet Corvette is the quintessential American sports car; anyone who grew up during the '50s, '60s or '70s probably lusted after a 'Vette. Now is a great time to get one — the current version is arguably the best ever, yet it stays true to the original.

A 400-hp 6.0-liter V8 engine catapults the Corvette to 60 mph in 4.5 seconds. Besides grinning on the straights, you'll smile when the roads turn twisty thanks to its tight suspension. A burly exhaust sound and coarse nature keep that classic muscle-car persona alive.

4. Best Brute

2008 Dodge Viper SRT10
MSRP: $85,000 (estimated)

With its 600-hp V10, firm suspension, massive wheels and minimalist cockpit, the aggressively styled Viper SRT10 is all about visceral appeal and raw performance. It makes no apologies for its brutish nature, which can definitely be intimidating.

Its 8.4-liter V10 engine generates enough muscle to catapult the Viper to 60 mph in less than four seconds, while bulked-up brakes will bring it back to a standstill from that speed in just 100 feet.

3. Best Attention Getter

2007 Ferrari F430 Spider
MSRP: $192,484

Few cars scream excess and sex appeal more loudly than a red Ferrari. The F430 Spider is currently the only Ferrari with a drop-top. Though engineered for speed, it's actually comfortable for casual cruising, too.

Like a work of art, the F430's mid-mounted 4.3-liter V8 engine sits beneath a glass cover. It's not just for show, though, and generates 490 hp for a 0-60 mph time of around 4 seconds.

2. Best Display of Wealth

2007 Spyker C12 LaTurbie
MSRP: $345,625

We're hard pressed to find a car as rare and impressive as the Spyker C12 LaTurbie, which hails from Holland and could make a Porsche seem mundane. The workmanship of its interior is stunning, with aeronautical details that evoke the company's history of building planes.

Hand-built in limited numbers, this dramatically sculpted Dutch treat exploits a mid-mounted, Audi-sourced 500-hp W12 engine to register a 3.9-second 0-60 mph time and a wildly illegal top speed of 196 mph.

1. Best All-Around Performer

2007 Porsche Boxster
MSRP: $45,600

With classic, uncluttered styling, a comfortable interior, commodious cargo space and stellar performance, the Porsche Boxster excels in every aspect. Thoughtful design — like not one, but two trunks and an easy-to-use top — make it practical enough for daily use.

The base model is more than fast enough, with its 245-hp 2.7-liter six-cylinder engine behind the seats. The S version takes performance to a higher level with a 3.4-liter 295-hp six-cylinder. Also key to the Boxster's appeal is long-standing reliability.
(C)Forbes

2007 Nissan Sentra SE-R

Pocket Rocket With a Gee Factor.

Type: Compact front-drive performance sedan.
MSRP: $20,525 - $22,880 (tested).
Engine: A 2.5-liter in-line 4-cylinder (200 horsepower, 180 pound-feet of torque); six-speed manual transmission.
Consumption: E.P.A. mileage estimate is 24 m.p.g. in town, 31 on the highway.
Alternatives: Honda Civic Si sedan ($21,685), Chevrolet Cobalt SS ($19,515), Hyundai Tiburon GT ($19,995), Mini Cooper S ($21,850).

Here is a car-marketing rule of thumb: the more letters and suffixes tacked onto a car name, the more gaudy accouterments — inside and out — the car will possess. So naturally you’d expect something called the 2007 Nissan Sentra SE-R Spec V to be pretty well endowed.

But the Spec V — let’s simply call it that — is surprisingly subdued in its excesses. Although it’s decked out with the requisite rear spoiler, bright red seat belts, and 17-inch aluminum alloy wheels, which have an awkward spoke pattern and look like stove-top gas burners, I felt relieved that things weren’t bigger, shinier and worse — with one exception.

A G meter sits front and center on the gray dashboard. It measures the G forces — how many times the force of gravity is pulling on your body. It also measures the extent to which Nissan has gone too far.

Not only is the Spec V a performance version of the Sentra, it is the performance version of the performance trim version — the SE-R — and sort of a pocket rocket squared.

The SE-R made its debut in 1991 as the Sentra’s top trim level. It came with a more powerful engine and was an instant underground hit with enthusiasts. For most of the decade, the SE-R was one of just a few performance-oriented compacts sequestered below the lackluster mainstream.

But then came the movie “The Fast and the Furious,” and automakers were suddenly made aware of a whole new market to exploit. In 2002, it was no longer enough to have just an SE-R. Nissan added a Spec V. In 2007, you needed a G meter.

I kept my eye on that G meter for the better part of five days of driving. Most of the time, the needle sat right on zero, but it wasn’t for the lack of trying. Oh, I tried. I pegged the car on on-ramps and off-ramps. I stopped short and started hard. The most I coaxed out of the Spec V was 0.1 g. Maybe it was broken. Maybe it is unnecessary.

Based on the sixth-generation Sentra, the Spec V is more powerful than the previous version. The 2.5-liter 4-cylinder engine returns 200 horsepower, which is 23 more than the SE-R and 60 more than the 2-liter 4 found in the regular Sentra. And the sound is beautiful, a smooth, graceful hum all the way up to the redline of 6,800 r.p.m.

The Spec V is available only with a close-ratio six-speed manual gearbox, which does the job without quirks or wobbles between gears. The electronic power steering feels direct, with a good amount of weight on surface streets, but on freeways the power assist seemed overdone.

You get the sense that all of the mechanical bits have been tweaked according to focus groups and research data to walk the delicate line between performance and comfort. The Spec V is definitely bigger and more spacious than ever. But it is also roughly 400 pounds heavier than the 2006 model. To stiffen the chassis, there is a larger front stabilizer bar and a V-brace behind the rear seats. A sport-tuned suspension and four-wheel disc brakes (including 12.6-inch rotors up front) also help the Spec V tuck in its weight. But all of that equipment fails to hide the bulk altogether.

The Spec V feels athletic but not chiseled. Road & Track clocked it at 6.6 seconds from a stop to 60 m.p.h., so its acceleration is better than ever. But the weight is the biggest factor in the overall feel of the car, which pales in comparison with the more enthusiastic pocket rockets of its ilk, like the Honda Civic Si and the Mini Cooper S.

And for a car with a name as long as the Nissan Sentra SE-R Spec V, it is more of an everyday driver than you’d expect. It’s still sporty and fun, but it is likely to disappoint extremists, especially those in search of higher Gs.
(C)NYT

2007 Chevrolet Avalanche Test Drive

Despite a more civilized demeanor, the new Chevy Avalanche maintains its unique versatility and raucous persona.
MSRP: $32,460 - $36,165

Trading a little of its maverick character for a dash of distinguished poise, the redesigned 2007 Chevrolet Avalanche has become a stronger player in a growing market of luxury-appointed four-door pickups. Its added refinement won’t shock the system of the Mountain Dew-chugging target customer, as the Avalanche remains rugged and highly useful for unwieldy recreational and utilitarian demands.

Its individuality hinges on an innovative "Midgate," a fold-down wall behind the rear seats that extends the pick-up bed by several feet and offers numerous passenger/cargo configurations. And now that the Avalanche occupies a place on GM’s growing roster of FlexFuel vehicles, which can operate on E85, the corn-based fuel composed of 85 percent ethanol, the Avalanche seems to court “green” shoppers as well.

Following sales of about 400,000 units in five years, the Avalanche enjoys one of the industry’s highest customer-retention ratings. This loyalty could be due to the fact that, for drivers with such particular requirements in a vehicle, there aren’t too many other options. The Honda Ridgeline looks somewhat similar, and is competitively priced, but it doesn’t offer the Midgate functionality. And the Cadillac Escalade EXT does allow its pick-up bed to extend into the cabin, but at a far higher price.

Built in Silao, Mexico, the new Avalanche is available in LS, LT and LTZ trim levels with two- or four-wheel drive. The base LS is well equipped with disc brakes at all corners, a 320-hp 5.3-liter V8, GM’s OnStar communications and diagnostics system, stability control, a tow hitch, CD player and cloth-upholstered front/rear bench seats. All of these features are available at the starting manufactuer’s suggested retail price (MSRP) of $31,615 for two-wheel drive; four-wheel drive tacks on $3,000 for all trims.

The LT models give buyers the opportunity to pile on luxury amenities. LT1 upgrades to cloth bucket seats, 17-inch alloy wheels and power mirrors. LT2 adds leather, automatic climate control and a six-disc CD changer. LT3 adds side-curtain airbags, heated seats, Bose seven-speaker premium audio, power adjustable pedals, XM satellite radio and ultrasonic rear parking assist.

The fully-optioned LTZ sports all of the LT3 features plus an Autoride suspension, a real-time damping system that also levels the vehicle’s ride height when towing or carrying heavy loads. Chevrolet expects most customers (75 percent) to opt for the mid-level LT setup with the remaining split evenly between the base LS and decked-out LTZ. A new, all-aluminum 6.0-liter V8 rated at 366 hp is available in the popular Z71 off-road package.

Our test model was an LT3, packing four-wheel drive and such options as a navigation system, 20-inch wheels, rear-seat DVD player, sunroof, locking rear differential, rearview camera, luggage rack and rain-sensing wipers for a total MSRP of $45,600. It’s not Cadillac Escalade territory, but ten grand more will put you into an Escalade EXT, if that matters to you. And the Escalade EXT is basically a dressed-up Chevy Avalanche.

Exterior

When compared to the outgoing model, sleeker styling and all-around tighter tolerances improve the Avalanche’s appearance. The formerly hard edges have been replaced with rounded corners that contribute to a less tense design overall. The original trapezoidal headlights later found on so many other Chevy trucks are now less angular and better complement the horizontal front grille and bulging hood.

The sides of the pick-up bed are still tall and deep, requiring a tip-toeing 58-inch lift-over effort to place cargo inside. Long arms are also handy for reaching inside the bed’s lockable side storage bins. The massive tailgate is easy to operate, thanks to a torsion spring in the hinge, and it thoughtfully locks and unlocks along with the doors remotely. The entire bed can be secured with a rigid, removable three-piece cargo cover.

The cargo bed is the Avalanche’s crowning achievement. The 5’3” hold stretches almost three feet, to 8’2”, when the midgate is lowered. Operation is simple: First, flip and fold the 60/40 split, rear bench seat. Then turn a knob in the middle of the Midgate crossbar and gently lower the panel that divides the cabin from the pick-up bed. That’s it.

The same stout composite material that lines the cargo bed continues into the cab and features the identical tractor-tire tread pattern for skid resistance. With the rear window and cargo cover in place, unwieldy objects like surfboards, dining room tables, large fluorescent light bulbs and 4x8 sheets of plywood can be swallowed whole and securely locked.

The cabin’s rear window can be removed and stored to accommodate bulkier cargo, or to provide an open-air ride. The Avalanche doesn’t offer a power rear window like the competing Hummer H2 SUT, but Chevy says owners keep the window in place 90 percent of the time and, when necessary, leave the midgate down and cargo-bed cover in place to maintain security while carrying larger items.

Interior

Compared to the previous model, the 2007 Avalanche’s interior styling is more contemporary and materials have been upgraded, although neutral-colored plastic remains the norm. While it offers a commanding driver’s position, the Avalanche’s rear visibility is compromised by the tall side panels and bed. Thankfully, the optional rear-view camera gives a clear view when the transmission is shifted into reverse. It also makes aligning the tow hitch with a trailer much easier.

The Avalanche is roomy, easy to drive and very much in its element on long road trips. There’s considerably less wind and road noise than in the old Avalanche cabin, and easy-to-use controls and a compliant suspension make cruising quite comfortable. The navigation and Bose audio systems likewise help in this regard. A new rack-and-pinion steering provides ample feedback from the road, and the brakes — which have long been a sore point in GM trucks — finally inspire confidence with a solid, linear pedal feel. In crowded urban driving or parking garages, however, the Avalanche’s 18.5-foot length, muscular bulk and 43-foot turning circle can be frustrating.

Performance

As with the previous model, it can also be a little frustrating to pull away from the gas station in the Avalanche as you watch the fuel needle plummet towards “E.” My 753-mile trip over California coastal highways used 47.5 gallons of regular gas, equating to a rather dismal 15.9 mpg.

After finding California’s only E85 pump (at the time), I logged another 219 miles on the highway and spent 19.2 gallons, achieving an underwhelming 11.4 mpg. There is no loss of power when using E85, as the Avalanche’s engine is designed to take advantage of the fuel’s higher octane level.

Despite the current positive publicity generated by automakers and corn farmers around the renewable nature and reduced emissions of E85, if this fuel isn’t at least 28 percent cheaper than regular gas, there are no financial benefits to using it.

E85 cost $3.15 a gallon at the Regional Transportation Center in San Diego at the time of the fill-up, compared to $3.39 for regular gasoline. The week before, E85 was 50 cents cheaper; the week after I visited, 22 cents higher. The owner of the fueling station said that in order to promote E85, he never sells it for more than regular unleaded.

Full-size trucks that have the ability to tow 8,000 pounds or haul a 1,400-pound payload probably aren’t going to offer 30 mpg or better anytime soon. It’s a reality that truck owners accept, in exchange for a vehicle that serves serious recreation and utility needs, or the needs of their ego.

But the changing customer base has demanded a quieter, more refined ride, plus more comfort and amenities. And the Chevrolet Avalanche proves to be more than capable of delivering on these requests.
(C)Forbes

Tesla all-electric Roadster to hit road by year end

Late transmission change delayed launch, but CEO says $100,000 car will ship this fall.

Tesla Motors' all-electric Roadster sports car will start rolling out to nearly 600 buyers lined up for the $100,000 vehicle by October or November, after a slight delay, the company's chief said on Tuesday.

"We will definitely ship in that time frame," CEO and co-founder Martin Eberhard told Reuters at a meeting of the Motor Press Guild, noting that the company had originally expected to begin deliveries during the summer.

The shapely two-seaters are being assembled by Lotus Engineering in England, with motors manufactured by Tesla in Taiwan and battery packs made in Thailand with 6,831 individual lithium ion cells from Japan.

A late change in the transmission vendor "was a big thing for us to do in the program, very painful, and one of the things that has driven us into a little later this year release of the car," Eberhard said.

The Silicon Valley-based Tesla has pre-sold 570 cars to the likes of California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, for his wife Maria Shriver, and actor George Clooney. The company will make 1,000 2008 model year cars.

The Roadster, which has a base price of $98,000, can go from 0 to 60 miles per hour in 4 seconds and has a range of more than 200 miles on a single charge on a household plug.

Investors beckoning
Eberhard and co-founder Marc Tarpenning launched Tesla in 2003 with the idea of making a high-performance electric vehicle and then branching out to more affordable cars later on.

Since then, Tesla has secured $105 million in funding, with PayPal founder and space industrialist Elon Musk leading the way and venture capital firms joining in recent funding rounds.

With delivery of the car approaching, Eberhard said: "We have a lot more interest in investing in this company recently."

Eberhard said that if they just limited production to the Roadster, Tesla would be making a profit in 2008.

"But Tesla's intention has always been to grow to be a full-fledged car company as quickly as we can do that," he said.

"We are taking everything we earn from the Roadster and everything we have raised from outside sources to build the next model car."

The next car will be the White Star, a five-passenger sedan with a price point of $50,000 to $65,000, to be manufactured in New Mexico.

"We are in the very early stages of it," said Eberhard, noting that he "would not place any bets" on a target of a 2010 model year.

That same year, General Motors Corp is supposed to launch the Chevrolet Volt, a plug-in electric vehicle with a small combustion "range extender" engine.

GM is shooting for a popular price, over $20,000, with a battery that costs around $3,000.

Tesla wants to keep moving down the chain to a more affordable car and could end up competing with the Volt. But Eberhard said he is skeptical GM's second attempt for an electric car will come to fruition, at least at that price point, mostly because of battery challenges.

"If I sell 10,000 White Stars, it will be a screaming success for me," he said. "But 10,000 Chevys sold would be a disaster."

Tesla plans to open two stores, in Los Angeles and in Menlo Park in Northern California, and will expand later to the U.S. East Coast and Midwest.
(C)CNN

Top 20 Most Dangerous Vehicles

Here are the 20 most dangerous vehicles according to 'real world safety' from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

Hoping to stay safe on the road? You might want to avoid certain cars.

For example, the Nissan 350Z has a death rate that's about double that of the average sports car.

But it's not for the reasons you might think. In this case, says Russ Rader, communications director for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), an organization that represents the interests of the insurance industry, the 350Z is part of a group of vehicles that tends to be driven by younger, less-experienced or riskier drivers, and stands out for having high death rates, through no particular fault of the car.

"When they are in crashes," he adds, "they're particularly serious ones."

This illustrates a key point: Simply looking at the historical death rates for one particular model might not give much insight into the relative danger, or safety, of driving that vehicle. Furthermore, the most recent available federal data, interpreted by make and model by the IIHS, covers 2001 to 2004 model years in calendar years 2002 to 2005. Many models have had significant changes in safety equipment or complete redesigns since then.

The consensus among several safety experts we asked is that the best way to predict how dangerous or safe a new vehicle will be comes from looking at the way it's configured, particularly with respect to several important factors — side-impact protection, stability control and rollover risk — that together span a wide range in real-world safety.

That's what we did. Topping the list of the least safe: the Buick Rendezvous, the Ford Ranger/Mazda B-Series, the Nissan Frontier, the Ford Escape/Mercury Mariner and the Toyota Yaris.

High-Priority Protection
Among the various crash tests the IIHS performs on new vehicles, according to Rader, they see the widest range of results in those with side-impact and rear whiplash protection.

"What makes a vehicle unsafe today is a lack of side-impact protection," he says. "Whiplash is not a life-threatening injury, but head injuries [from a side impact] are commonly life-threatening."

Side-curtain airbags have been shown to greatly increase the chances of surviving a classic "T-bone" side-impact accident, such as when the other vehicle runs a stoplight, and depending on the design, they can also increase the chances of surviving a rollover. Side-curtain bags are mandated for all 2009 vehicles, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that these alone will reduce fatal side-impact head injuries by 45 percent, saving up to 1,000 lives per year.

"Side airbags designed to protect your head are crucial, because a head injury is the most common fatal injury in a crash," says Rader. "It's the difference between life and death."

Structurally Sound
Along with side airbags, a vehicle also needs a well-built side structure to withstand a strong blow from vehicles of varying heights, says Rader.

Which leads to another major point: "Size and weight are very important aspects of safety," he says. "The laws of physics always apply in a crash. That means that people in smaller and lighter vehicles are always at a disadvantage in crashes with other vehicles."

In single-vehicle crashes, the weight advantage isn't as pronounced, but the statistics still point in favor of larger, if not heavier vehicles, he says.

However, John Linkov, managing editor of Consumer Reports, says that smaller and lighter vehicles aren't necessarily more dangerous. In many cases, they may offer handling and maneuverability advantages to help avoid accidents.

"A more nimble, better-handling vehicle," he says, "is likely going to be easier to control in an emergency and help the driver avoid the dangerous situation."

While generally heavier SUVs and pickups are at an advantage in multi-vehicle accidents, they've been shown to be at quite a disadvantage in single-vehicle accidents (such as when the driver falls asleep, or loses control swerving around a deer), which comprise 43 percent of fatal accidents.

In this type of accident, SUVs and pickups have more than double the chance of rolling over, according to NHTSA data. This risk relates closely to overall federal fatality data, showing that SUVs and pickups generally have a higher fatality rate than cars of a similar weight.

Corrective Measures
Electronic stability control systems, which smartly apply the brakes on one or more of the wheels as best to avoid loss of vehicle control in an extreme maneuver, have been offered for more than a decade in some luxury and high-performance vehicles, but the technology has been trickling down to most mainline brands over the past several model years.

NHTSA has called it the most significant development since the seat belt, and the federal government has mandated electronic stability control, but not until the 2012 model year. NHTSA estimates that the stability control mandate will prevent up to 9,600 fatalities and 238,000 injuries annually, at an average cost of $111 per vehicle in addition to the cost of antilock brakes, which most vehicles already offer as standard equipment or as an option.

"Electronic stability control is one of those rare safety features that's having a dramatic effect on saving lives," says Rader. "Stability control alone can reduce the risk of fatal single-vehicle crashes by 56 percent. And it can reduce fatal single-vehicle rollovers by 80 percent for SUVs, 77 percent for passenger cars."

Even though stability control was only offered in some of the more expensive SUVs a few years ago, Rader says that its impact is already easily seen in the Institute's yearly list of vehicles with the lowest death rates. Rader said that in the past, only a few of them were SUVs, but now they make up nearly half of the list.

Terrifying Trucks
Pickups are another surprisingly unsafe group of vehicles. Based on fatality-rate data, they're by far the most dangerous, says Michael Dulberger, president of the safety advocacy group Informed for Life.

"Pickups as a class have the highest rate of fatality and serious injury," he says, "and they have a very high rollover risk."

Rader agrees. "Pickups have a rollover problem," he says. "They have a high center of gravity and a high propensity to roll over." And making matters worse, "They're the laggards in electronic stability control," he says.

Last year, only one pickup model offered electronic stability control, according to Rader, while this year it's standard on 8 percent of models and optional on 20 percent. By comparison, 87 percent of SUVs now have standard stability control, according to the Institute.

Linkov agrees that some pickups pose the most danger to inexperienced drivers. "What we're seeing is that young people in places where pickups are a de facto choice are at an especially strong risk, with their propensity to roll over," he says.

Any vehicle can be especially unsafe if it's used in a way it's not designed for, such as if a high-clearance pickup is used primarily empty on curvy, hilly roads, according to Linkov.

"Combine that with a poorly trained driver," he says, "and it's dangerous."

The Methodology
As we've outlined, generalized fatality statistics point toward today's most dangerous new vehicles as those that are light, don't provide proper side-impact protection (airbags), have a higher propensity to roll over, don't handle particularly well and lack electronic stability control.

Informed for Life releases SCORE (Statistical Combination of Risk Elements) data each year, which combines all the available safety data from the federal government and the IIHS, along with the role of weight and the presence of stability control, into a single number for each particular model, making it easier to compare vehicles of varying sizes or body types.

The SCORE is calculated according to the role that each element plays in general fatal accidents. For instance, as about 26 percent of national accident fatalities occur in a side impact, 26 percent of the SCORE depends on the vehicle's rated side-impact protection.

The system, which has been implemented for about five years, more closely matches the fatality rate on a model-by-model basis than either IIHS or NHTSA ratings alone. And it's easy to decipher; it's on a scale that's proportional to risk, with the average passenger car ranked 100.

So, for instance, a SCORE of 150 means that the relative risk of driver fatality is 50 percent higher than for the average passenger car. In the group's 2007 list, the most dangerous vehicle, the Buick Rendezvous, at 161, has more than three times the relative risk of fatality than the Hyundai Entourage and Kia Sedona minivans, at 51.

To distill our list of the most dangerous vehicles, we looked at Informed for Life's bottom-of-the-heap results for 2007 model-year vehicles, including vehicles with a full range of crash-test results from NHTSA, the IIHS, or a combination of the two; and to also consider the role of accident avoidance (or lack thereof), we broke any ties with Consumer Reports' accident avoidance scores.

CR first measures the vehicle's maximum stable speed through emergency handling, essentially simulating a quick swerve around an obstacle and back into the right lane, then factors in driving position, visibility and seat comfort — all issues that the organization deems important in successfully avoiding an accident.

We're aware that this is a snapshot of the most dangerous cars among those that have been extensively tested, and that there may be more dangerous vehicles that either haven't yet been fully crash-tested or were only partially tested. Please consult www.safercar.gov or www.iihs.org if you're concerned about a particular model.

How Carmakers Reacted
Automakers were generally supportive of a methodology that looked for the safest — or in this case, the least safe — vehicles through a composite assessment of existing crash-test results, and considering side-impact protection and rollover likelihood, instead of looking at prior model-by-model fatality or injury data.

GM
Alan Adler, GM's safety spokesman, confirms that it's important to look at a wide range of information. "You've identified two technologies [side airbags and stability control] that are important, and we have rollout plans for both," says Adler.

More than 40 percent of GM's light trucks now have side-curtain airbags that allow head protection even in rollovers. Stability control is offered in 35 percent of GM vehicles for 2007, and the percentage rises to about 50 percent for 2008, according to Adler. Regarding SUVs and pickups, Adler says that "rollover is a big deal" to the company, which now does its own rollover safety testing.

To shoppers who might wonder why stability control isn't yet installed in more vehicles, GM's Adler says, "It isn't something you can slap on a vehicle," and explains that the automaker has been working to install it across the board ever since the agencies have revealed its importance. "It's a major engineering change to the vehicle."

Toyota
Toyota spokesman Bill Kwong questions the correlation between weight and safety; he says that Toyota has been incorporating more high-strength steel, which improves crash resistance yet saves weight, though again, at a higher cost to the automaker.

Kwong said that side-impact airbags are now available on all Toyota cars. They're optional on the Corolla, along with the Yaris and Matrix, two cars that ranked among the least-safe vehicles, according to our methodology, without the option.

"Those models are more price sensitive," especially the Yaris, which is why the side bags are optional, according to Kwong. He adds that dealerships are told to inform shoppers of the benefits of the Yaris's side airbag system.

Ford
Several Ford Motor vehicles were on our Most Dangerous list, but the company's safety spokesman, Daniel Jarvis, explains that these are all products near the end of their life cycle and not representative of the rest of Ford's model lineup.

Jarvis said the company places a strong emphasis on safety. Several of the vehicles that place highest in crash tests are from Ford, and the company has aggressive programs in place to install side airbags and stability control across its entire fleet.

"By the end of calendar year 2009, all retail vehicles will have stability control," says Jarvis; that would be nearly three years ahead of the federal mandate. Ford has also made an enhanced version, called Roll Stability Control, aimed to prevent the likelihood of rollover, standard on its larger Expedition and Explorer SUVs, and the company is adding the system to the smaller Escape sport-utility for the '08 model year.

Jarvis suggests there are a number of reasons why pickups have been among the last to get stability control, but one is that they come in such a wide range of powertrains and configurations, and each one of them needs to be engineered individually. "Complexity is one factor," he says.

Nissan
"Nissan has not had the opportunity to fully understand the methodology that went into this listing," says Jeannine Ginivan, a spokeswoman for Nissan. "That being said, Nissan takes its commitment to safety very seriously.

"All Nissan and Infiniti vehicles are engineered to meet or exceed government safety regulations as well as our own rigorous internal safety requirements — the Nissan Xterra and the Nissan Frontier are no exceptions. Nissan's electronic stability control feature, known as Vehicle Dynamic Control, is standard on the Xterra and currently an option on the Frontier. Rollover curtain airbags are also optional on both vehicles.

"As a company, we are committed to the safety of our vehicles and our drivers, and we urge everyone driving a Nissan or Infiniti vehicle to do so safely."

Suzuki
"At Suzuki, we place the utmost priority on manufacturing and selling safe vehicles, and both Forenza and Reno comply with all federal motor-vehicle safety standards," says David Boldt, communications manager. "Additionally, like all 2007 Suzuki passenger cars, the Forenza and Reno offer front-seat-mounted side airbags for both driver and passenger, as well as several layers of standard safety equipment.

"It's also important to note the active safety benefits provided by Forenza and Reno, with composed handling (four-wheel independent suspension), precise steering and four-wheel disc braking. Add excellent outward visibility for driver and passengers, and Suzuki's approach is to help the driver avoid an accident before it occurs."

Honda, Hyundai and Kia did not return calls for comment.

1. Buick Rendezvous
Four-Door SUV
SCORE: 161
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: N/A

The minivan-based Rendezvous helped bring new customers to Buick dealerships, thanks to the Tiger Woods ad campaign behind it. But after the 2007 model year, the Rendezvous, with its abysmal three-star (out of five) NHTSA frontal impact rating, is history, to be replaced by the 2008 Buick Enclave, a crossover SUV with a full roster of standard safety equipment.

2. Ford Ranger/Mazda B-Series
Pickup, Regular Cab/Extended Cab: Four-Wheel Drive
SCORE: 153
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: N/A

The Ranger still follows a simple, proven design that's good for pickup buyers who really want to keep it basic and affordable. Unfortunately, side airbags or curtain bags aren't available, even as an option; neither is stability control. What's more, the Ranger (and the nearly identical B-Series) gets a low three-star NHTSA rollover rating, (which corresponds to a 20% to 30% risk of rollover in a single-vehicle crash) with one of the highest rollover risk factors (0.3) of any vehicle.

3. Nissan Frontier
Extended-Cab Pickup
SCORE: 145
ConsumerReports' accident avoidance: Average

Stability control is optional on the Frontier, and recommended considering its three-star NHTSA rollover rating. The King Cab Frontier has surprisingly low three-star NHTSA frontal crash-test ratings (most other pickups do quite well in the frontal tests), though a four-door Crew Cab Frontier was given a better four-star frontal rating. The Frontier was also rated "Poor" (out of good, acceptable, marginal or poor) by the IIHS in rear impact. Both Frontiers tested didn't have side airbags or side curtain bags, which are also optional.

4. Ford Escape/Mercury Mariner
Four-Door SUVs
SCORE: 138
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: N/A

Ford's small sport-utility vehicle, the Escape, and its cosmetically different sibling, the Mariner, were given an overall evaluation of "Poor" (the lowest possible rating) from the IIHS due to its lacking driver torso- and head-protection in the Institute's side-impact crash test (without the optional side airbag package). The federal government also gives the Mariner one of few three-star ratings, which corresponds to a relatively high risk of rollover. And stability control isn't available. Waiting for the '08 would be a smart move, as front side airbags, side curtain bags and stability control will all finally be standard.

5. Toyota Yaris
Four-Door
SCORE: 132
ConsumerReports' accident avoidance: Worse than average

Even though the Yaris has impressive fuel efficiency, a nicely designed interior, high expected reliability, and a number of other positive attributes, Consumer Reports' John Linkov says that the Yaris can't be recommended, "because its emergency handling is quite tail-happy and the driver could get out of control very quickly." And to make an especially dangerous combination, the Yaris four-door performs badly in both major side-crash tests, with three stars from NHTSA and a "Poor" rating from the IIHS.

6. Hyundai Accent
Four-Door
SCORE: 132
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Average

The Accent tested near the bottom among all cars, according to IIHS crash testing, with the organization giving it a "Poor" rating in both side-impact and rear-impact tests, plus an unimpressive "Acceptable" frontal rating. And this is with standard side airbags. When the federal government tested an Accent four-door sedan, it rated its side-impact performance with three stars--the lowest it gets in 2007.

7. Toyota Matrix/Pontiac Vibe
Four-Door
SCORE: 131
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Average

The Matrix and the closely related Vibe fair acceptably with four- and five-star results in the federal government's crash tests. But without the optional side airbags, the Matrix gets only three stars for front-seat passengers in the side-impact test. Stability control is optional on both models, which are due to be replaced by a new model after '08.

8. Kia Rio
Four-Door
SCORE: 127
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Better than average

The Rio is structurally similar to the Hyundai Accent. And like the Accent, it gets a low, three-star NHTSA side impact rating, plus appalling "Poor" ratings in both side- and rear-impact tests and the not-quite-passable "Acceptable" frontal rating from the IIHS. Surprisingly, those results are with the standard side airbags. Fortunately, the Rio has "better than average" accident avoidance qualities, according to Consumer Reports testing.

9. Chevrolet Aveo
Four-Door
SCORE: 126
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Average

The basic, lightweight Aveo, which is assembled in Korea by GM affiliate Daewoo, is the lowest-priced U.S.-market vehicle, starting at $9,995 for 2007. Side airbags are standard for front passengers, but not in back, and by the three-star side-impact result for rear-seat passengers and the "Marginal" side-impact result from the IIHS, occupants might not fare so well in a side-impact accident.

10. Suzuki Reno/Forenza
Five-Door/ Five-Door
SCORE: 125
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Average

The Reno and Forenza, a four-door hatchback and sedan, respectively, are also made by GM-Daewoo in Korea. Both come with standard front seat-mounted side airbags, but that doesn't seem to help them in IIHS side-impact tests, where they get "Poor" ratings in side impact, as well as rear impact. Side curtain airbags and stability control aren't available in either the Reno or Forenza.

11. Ford Focus
Two-Door Hatchback
SCORE: 124
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Average

The economical Focus received a "Poor" rating from the IIHS in its side impact test, and in federal tests it achieved only a three-star rating, with an accompanying warning regarding the high likelihood of head trauma. Compiling the risk, side-curtain airbags and stability control aren't available on the Focus, and seat-mounted side airbags are optional for front occupants.

12. Jeep Liberty
Four-Door SUV
SCORE: 118
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Average

The Jeep Liberty maneuvers much better in real-world driving than its height might suggest, and the "Average" CR accident avoidance score is reassuring. Yet it's also given just three stars in the federal rollover rating system. Additionally, in IIHS tests, the Liberty didn't fare so well, with a "Poor" rating in rear impact and a "Marginal" rating in front impact, together corresponding to a significantly higher chance of injuries if an accident occurs.

13. Dodge Dakota
Four-Door Pickup
SCORE: 117
Consumer Reports'accident avoidance: Average

First, the good: The mid-size Dakota is one of the least-tipsy pickups, with a four-star rollover rating, plus an "Average" accident avoidance rating. Now, the bad: It's rated "Acceptable" in front- and rear-impact tests, and there's no available stability control. Side airbags and side-curtain bags are optional.

14. Chevrolet Cobalt/Pontiac G5
Two-Door
SCORE: 117
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Much better than average (Cobalt SS)

The Chevy Cobalt and its almost identical twin, the Pontiac G5, are a little more dangerous than average due to their side-impact performance. The IIHS gave the Cobalt a "Poor" evaluation in its side-impact tests, and when NHTSA tested the Cobalt, they noted a safety concern over the higher-than-average likelihood of serious head trauma. Front-side airbags and side-curtain airbags are optional, but stability control is not available.

15. Nissan Xterra
Four-Door SUV
SCORE: 115
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Average

The tall, boxy Xterra sport-utility vehicle flaunts its rugged looks toward active young men, and fortunately comes with stability control to help remedy its three-star NHTSA rollover rating and especially high rollover risk. Frontal impact results are passable but unspectacular, at four stars. Side and side-curtain airbags are optional.

16. Saturn ION
Four-Door
SCORE: 115
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Better than average

The ION shares its underpinnings with the Chevrolet Cobalt and Pontiac G5, but has some more substantial differences. For instance, the rollover index is slightly better. The ION gets a "Poor" rating from the IIHS in side-impact testing, along with a three-star NHTSA side-impact rating for front occupants. Head-protective side-curtain airbags are optional; stability control is not.

17. Chrysler PT Cruiser
Van
SCORE: 114
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Average

The very retro-stylish yet roomy PT Cruiser has been around for quite a few years essentially unchanged, with no major update during that time. NHTSA side-impact performance for front occupants is a modest four stars. Front-seat side airbags aren't standard on all Cruisers, but they're available at extra cost. Stability control isn't available at all.

18. Honda S2000
Convertible
SCORE: 114
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Much better than average

The high-performance S2000 convertible has stellar handling and accident avoidance, and gets a surprisingly good five-star rating in NHTSA's side-impact test, plus a top five-star mark for rollover risk. But side airbags aren't at all available on the little, low-riding roadster.

19. Toyota Scion tC
Two-Door
SCORE: 113
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Better than average

Like most small, sporty coupes, the tC boasts good handling--as evidenced by CR's "better than average" rating for accident avoidance and a relatively low risk of rollover. But side-impact airbags aren't standard and if not equipped with the optional side airbags and curtain bags, the tC can be a little risky. It received a just-acceptable, four-star side-impact rating,

20. Mazda3
Four-Door/Five-Door Hatchback
SCORE: 113
Consumer Reports' accident avoidance: Much better than average

The Mazda3 has been the darling of automotive critics. The styling is unique and still stands out several years after introduction, the powertrain is peppy, and it's one of the best-handling small cars. Now for the bad part: Both the sedan and hatchback versions of the 3 fared very poorly in side-impact crash tests, garnering a lowly three-star rating from NHTSA and the lowest "Poor" rating from the IIHS. Side airbags aren't standard, either.
(C)Forbes

What does "Hybrid" mean?

"Hybrid" doesn't mean just one thing. Cars and SUVs can be set up in different ways to meet different needs. Here's a look at the various systems.

The hybrid menu
Hybrid gasoline/electric vehicles are often lumped into one, all-inclusive catagory. People will say "I'm thinking of buying a hybrid" without thinking about which model or type.
The fact is, hybrid vehicles vary enormously. It's not just that some are SUVs and some are cars. Their hybrid powertrains, themselves, can differ greatly in their design and programming. (Computer software has a lot to do with how a hybrid works.)

Right now, Toyota is the unchallenged hybrid leader. The Toyota Prius is the best selling hybrid by far, accounting for more than half of all the vehicles sold.

Toyota's "full hybrid" system is also used in Nissan's Altima Hybrid, and it's the same technology used in the Ford Escape and Mercury Mariner Hybrid SUVs.

General Motors, long seen as a laggard in hybrid technology, now has three types of hybrid systems on tap.

One, commonly called a "mild hybrid" system, is on the market now. Another, the "two-mode" hybrid system, will be introduced in the fall. A third "series hybrid" plug-in electric vehicle, is on the path to production, but no specific timetable is set.

Full Hybrid
Toyota Prius - the vehicle that most readily comes to mind when someone says "hybrid" is the Prius. It's a good car in many respects: The Prius has the interior space of a midsized Camry in a smaller package.
It's a "full hybrid:" in that it can run on its electric motor alone for short distances at low speeds.

The Prius was designed, from the outset, to be a gasoline/electric hybrid vehicle. That enabled designers to create the body around the hybrid system rather than cramming batteries and an electric motor into a body designed to house just a gas tank and an engine. For that reason, the Prius has plenty of usable storage space.

With its unique body design, it's also instantly recognizable as a high-tech hybrid car, which only increases its appeal.

Mild hybrid
The Saturn Aura Green Line vehicles, the Aura sedan and Vue SUV, are "mild hybrids," in which the electric motor provides assistance to the gasoline engine but lacks the power to drive the vehicle on its own.
Fuel is saved by shutting the gasoline engine down altogether whenever the vehicle comes to a full stop.

Also, since the electric is there to provide additional thrust, the gasoline engine doesn't need to be as large. (The Aura Green Line, for instance, has a 4-cylinder engine where non-hybrid versions have V6's.)

The advantages of a system like this are cost and size. The system requires little alteration to the basic engine and transmission layout so that it costs much less to manufacture than a complex "full hybrid" system.

Also, since electricity needs are lower, the system requires only a small battery pack which, again, saves on costs, but also saves weight and space. Other hybrid sedans, such as the Nissan Maxima and Toyota Camry Hybrids, lose trunk space to make room for batteries.

The downsides are that the system's impact on fuel economy is relatively small while the drag on driving performance is sizable.

When not boosting performance, the Green Line electric motor/generator remains fully engaged, acting like an anchor bogging the car down whenever the gas pedal isn't being pressed.

Performance hybrid
The Lexus LS600h offers the performance of a V12 with the fuel economy of a V8, Toyota boasts.
Compared to those cars, the Lexus looks downright thrifty. Not only does it get better fuel economy - it even costs a lot less. The V12-powered BMW 760li gets 15 mpg and costs about $20,000 more. The Lexus gets 21 mpg.

And the LS's performance really is impressive. Step on the gas and the 600 horsepower engine pushes you back in your seat with an easy whisper, barely straining as the needle on the electric boost gauge moves into "performance" territory.

Toyota doesn't expect to sell very many of these cars. Market experience shows that hybrid shoppers are mostly interested in one thing: burning as little fuel as possible. High-end luxury hybrid buyers represent a market that has not yet shown itself. One can make a case for a performance-oriented six-figure hybrid car, but for now the jury is still out.

Two-mode hybrid
GMC Yukon Hybrid. This fall, General Motors will be coming out with hybrid versions of the company's most popular full-sized SUVs, the Chevrolet Tahoe and GMC Yukon.
It might seem silly to make hybrid versions of these big vehicles, but if you consider the amount of fuel ultimately saved, it actually makes a lot of sense. Even a modest improvement in the efficiency of a vehicle that uses a lot of fuel will save more gallons than a large improvement in an already-efficient small car.

There are performance challenges in creating a large hybrid SUV, though. If the hybrid version can't tow or haul just like the non-hybrid, consumers won't buy it. Instead they'll just go back to non-hybrid SUVs. So the hybrid SUVs have the same big V8 engines as their non-hybrid counterparts, ready to pull a trailer when needed.

When not needed, however, GM's "dual mode" hybrid system employs a variety of fuel-saving tricks when the vehicle is traveling at highway speeds.

Four of the eight cylinders will shut down when their power is not needed. (The hybrid uses a large engine - 6.0 liters - so that half will still provide adequate pull and the SUV can spend more time in 4-cylinder mode.)

The SUV's electric motor also connects to the wheels one way at low speeds and another at high speeds, allowing it to provide maximum assistance at any speed.

As with many other hybrid vehicles, the GM hybrid SUVs can travel under electric power alone for short distances at low speeds, and the gasoline engine shuts down altogether whenever the vehicle stops.

Plug-in Hybrid
Chevrolet Volt. Even though it has a gasoline engine and an electric motor, GM is careful not to call the Chevrolet Volt a hybrid car. We've included it here, though, because it's commonly referred to as a "plug-in hybrid." GM calls it a plug-in electric vehicle with on-board power generation.
The point is that, while the Volt has a gasoline engine, the engine does not power the car's wheels. The wheels are powered by an electric motor. Batteries for the electric motor can be charged by plugging the Volt into an ordinary electrical outlet.

After the batteries are fully charged, the car can be driven for up to 40 miles without needing additional charging. If batteries do run low, the gasoline engine will run to generate electricity as needed.

The only difference then between the Volt and what you would ordinarily call "an electric car" is that it can charge its own batteries - whenever that may be needed - in addition to using power supplied by your local electric utility.GM has no official on-sale date for the Volt. More research is still needed on the battery, and there's no way to put a timetable on the needed breakthroughs, the company has said.
(C)CNN

Top 10 Sports Cars

Domestics top the list of the 10 most popular sports cars on MSN Autos for the first quarter of 2007. Led by the iconic Ford Mustang, the Chevrolet Corvette follows in second place while the new Saturn Sky takes the bronze.

For sports car enthusiasts, there may never be enough horsepower. Porsche gives its 911 a power boost with the addition of the GT3 and 911 Turbo, each packing substantially more than 400 horsepower. And for that added kick, Porsche has equipped the 911 Turbo with a button that can momentarily increase its maximum torque by 45 lb-ft to a neck-snapping 505 lb-ft.

Italian-made Lamborghini gives its "bullish" Murcielago a new designation—LP640—and adds 60 more horsepower to its already potent V12 engine for 2007.

Four domestics, three Japanese imports and three European imports make up the top ten list.

The list of the ten most popular sports cars on MSN Autos is based on visits to the site's vehicle research pages during months January through March of 2007.

1. Ford Mustang
The legendary American pony car has continued to be a hit after going retro a couple of years ago. Available in a coupe or convertible, the rear-wheel-drive Mustang has a starting price of under $20,000 with the base 210-horsepower V6 coupe. The high-performance GT version is equipped with a 4.6-liter 300-horsepower V8 which can run to 60 mph in just 5 seconds and to 100 mph in 12.5 seconds. An even more powerful version is available in the 500-horsepower supercharged Shelby GT500, the most powerful factory-produced Mustang ever built.

2. Chevrolet Corvette
Chevrolet's world-class high-performance sports car is now in its sixth generation and available in a coupe or convertible. For 2007 the Corvette adds steering-wheel-mounted audio controls with Bose premium audio systems and a larger glove compartment. A standard 6.0-liter 400-horsepower V8 engine delivers 400 lb-ft of torque at 4400 rpm, while the limited-edition Z06 has a 505 horsepower 7.0-liter V8 that produces 470 lb-ft of torque— the fastest production Corvette available. The Z06 also gets impressive fuel economy at an estimated 16 and 26 city/hwy mpg.

3. Saturn Sky
When the Sky debuted for the 2007 model year, no one would have guessed the aggressively styled roadster came from Saturn. The Sky and the Pontiac Solstice are siblings—sharing the same GM Kappa platform, engine, transmissions and other major components. The Sky has more contemporary styling and offers a softer ride than the Solstice. A high-performance version called the Sky Red Line is available featuring a turbocharged 260-horsepower 2.0-liter engine, dual exhaust with polished aluminum outlets and unique exterior and interior features.

4. Mitsubishi Eclipse
A redesigned Eclipse debuted for the 2006 model year with bold new styling, and adds a convertible version for 2007 called the Spyder. Also for 2007 the Eclipse adds a standard anti-theft system with hood switch, a Sun & Sound Package and seven new colors. The front-wheel-drive coupe is longer, wider, roomier and more powerful than its predecessor. Under the hood is a 2.4-liter 162-horsepower 4 cylinder in the GS and a 3.8-liter 263-horsepower V6 in the GT. The automatic cloth top in the Spyder folds completely out of sight in about 19 seconds.

5. Nissan 350Z
The Nissan 350Z received its first major update in the 2006 model year, which includes a revised exterior and an enhanced interior. A new Grand Touring Coupe featuring the 18-inch front/19-inch rear wheels, and front and rear spoilers were also added to the lineup. For 2007 the 350Z is updated with the next-generation VQ35HR engine that produces 306 horsepower and 268 lb-ft of torque, featuring a twin air intake system that helps reduce airflow resistance and increases horsepower. The front hood design and front-seat mounted side-impact supplemental airbags on the roadster are also new for the 2007 model year.

6. Porsche 911
Porsche gives its 911 lineup a power boost with the addition of the 911 Turbo and GT3 for 2007. The GT3 has a 415-horsepower 3.6-liter boxer 6-cylinder engine and comes standard with on-demand traction that's derived from Porsche's Carrera GT. The 911 Turbo features a twin-turbocharged 480-horsepower engine and a high-tech all-wheel-drive system. For 911 Turbos equipped with the optional Sports Chrono Package, pushing the Sport button allows the turbochargers to increase maximum pressure by 2.9 psi for up to 10 seconds, which increases the maximum torque by 45 lb-ft to a whopping 505 lb-ft.

7. Lamborghini Murcielago
This Italian exotic is always a favorite among MSN sports car enthusiasts. Originally named after a fighting bull, the Murcielago receives a new designation, a more aggressive look and more power for 2007. The Murcielago LP640—derived from the Italian description of the engine position (longitudinale posteriore) and horsepower output—is offered as a coupe and a roadster. Pushing the LP640 is a 640-horsepower 6.5-liter V12 engine that delivers 487 lb-ft of torque, which gets transmitted to the road via permanent all-wheel drive.

8. Mazda MX-5 Miata
The Mazda MX-5 Miata hit the U.S. market in 1989 and has become one of the top-selling two-seat convertibles in the world. An all-new third-generation Miata debuted for the 2006 model year with new styling, improved steering, suspension and brakes that make the roadster more fun to drive. For 2007 a power retractable hardtop is available for the first time, and offers the same amount of trunk capacity as the folding soft-top. Hardtop versions also receive chrome trim around the grille opening, bright headlight bezels, a chrome band in the door handles and a white-lens center high-mounted stop light.

9. Pontiac Solstice
One of the main rivals to the MX-5 Miata is the Pontiac Solstice. With a starting price around $22,000, the Solstice has a 2.4-liter dual overhead camshaft 4-cylinder engine that produces 177 horsepower. If that's not enough power to satisfy, a high-performance GXP version is available featuring a 2.0-liter Direct Injection Turbo with Variable Valve Timing in a DOHC 4-cylinder aluminum engine that produces 260 horsepower and 260 lb-ft of torque. The GXP is also styled differently with front and rear fascia extensions and high-polished stainless steel dual exhaust outlets.

10. Ferrari F430
The Ferrari F430 made its debut at the 2004 Paris Motor Show replacing the 360 Modena. Styled more aggressively than its predecessor, the Italian sports car was introduced for the 2005 model year. The F430 is powered by a 490-horsepower 4.3-liter V8 engine and mated to a 6-speed manual transmission, delivering 343 lb-ft of torque at 5250 rpm. Available in a Coupe or Spider, the F430 can reach 0 to 62 mph in 4.0 seconds and a top speed of over 196 mph, according to Ferrari.
(C)MSN

Plug-In Hybrids a Solution to Global Warming

The first major analysis of the potential impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles has found the widespread adoption of such cars and trucks would dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the United States and improve air quality.

By 2050, plug-in hybrids, or PHEVS, could eliminate 450 million metric tons of CO2 annually - the equivalent of taking 82.5 million conventional cars, or a third of the nation's current fleet - off the road. That would also cut oil consumption by nearly 4 million barrels a day. Assuming PHEVs hit the market by 2010, and depending on sales of the cars, the total reduction in greenhouse gases by 2050 would 3.4 to 10.3 billion metric tons, according to the study conducted by the non-profit Electric Power Research Institute and the Natural Resources Defense Council. The study was based on sophisticated computer modeling of the U.S. power grid and transportation system.

"What we’re talking about today is potentially a very, very large effect," said John Bryson, CEO of utility giant Edison International (EIX), during a press conference in Washington, D.C. this morning. Utilities like Edison, PG&E (PCG) and Austin Energy have taken the lead in pushing automakers to get in gear on plug-in hybrids.

Even if plug-in hybrids become the dominant form of transportation they would only spike electricity demand by five to eight percent, researchers said, because most car owners probably will charge their vehicles at night when power plants are idle or under-utilized. The study's computer models considered various scenarios, from a high CO2-intensive grid to a greener one as well as plug-in hybrids with varying ranges and sales. But even if plug-in hybrids made up only 20 percent of the nation's vehicle fleet in 2050 and the electric grid remained relatively dirty, greenhouse gas emissions would still decline by some 163 million metric tons annually.

The impact of plug-in hybrids on global warming will depend on the electric system, noted NRDC scientist Dan Lashof. "The key to utilizing plug-in hybrids is a cleaner power grid," he said. The greener the grid, the greater the greenhouse gas reductions as coal-fired power plants are displaced by renewable energy or begin to deploy technology to capture their CO2 emissions.

General Motors (GM) executive Tony Posawatz brought a plug-in Chevrolet Volt concept car to the press conference. The automaker is designing the Volt to run primarily on battery power and use other alternative fuels to extend its range. "We at General Motors are certainly very interested in this study," said Posawatz. "The potential for plug-ins, I think everyone recognizes, is tremendous."
(C)B2

Top 10 Off-Road Luxury SUVs

Ironically, some of the most luxurious and expensive SUVs are the best equipped for dirty off-road duty — not that most drivers will ever test these capabilities.

Even though most drivers would shudder at the thought, some of the priciest, most luxurious SUVs relish trouncing through mud, bounding over boulders and powering up steep inclines. Think of them as well-mannered brutes, frustrated for lack of opportunity to display their brawn.

As car buyers abandon truck-based SUVs for car-based ones — called “crossovers” by industry insiders — to gain more on-road comfort and capability, it’s the costlier truck-like models that continue to flaunt true rock-crawling abilities. (Click here to read about the difference between car- and truck-based SUVs.)

“This is the carryover from the idea that any ‘real’ SUV had to be able to get to the top of the mountain with its 4x4 system,” says George Peterson, president of AutoPacific Group, a California-based automotive research firm. In many ways, this makes a luxury SUV the vehicular equivalent of costly professional-quality stove and oven ranges sold to wealthy people who don’t cook much but would like to think they have the tools to whip up a gourmet meal if the need ever arises.

“Substantially less than 10 percent [of luxury SUV owners] indicate that they actually go off-roading,” says AutoPacific’s Peterson. “We actually think that the percentage that actually off-roads is less than 5 percent, but we have to go with what the owners report.”

While some lower-cost SUVs like the Jeep Wrangler and Nissan Xterra boast the largest percentage of “real” off-roader enthusiasts — Jeep says 60 to 80 percent of Wrangler owners take their vehicles to the trails — some large luxury models are equipped to tackle tough terrain. “The price of a Land Rover has always been higher than many other four-wheel-drive vehicles, based not just on luxury but on capability,” says Bob Burns, off-road events manager for Land Rover North America. “Range Rover customers want to buy the best and want to experience what their vehicles are built to do.” Go to the Land Rover Showroom to compare prices for different models.

Land Rovers have the highest off-road penetration among luxury SUVs, with 26 percent of all LR3 owners engaging in “real” off-roading, and 22.2 percent of all Range Rovers and 14.8 percent of Range Rover Sport drivers occasionally leaving the pavement. By contrast, the study found that no Cadillac Escalade EXT, Infiniti QX56 and Volvo XC90 owners ever venture off-road. (See the chart below for more data.)

Defining 'Off-Road'

How motorists define off-road driving affects those numbers. “Off-road for some of these folks could be in the shopping mall parking lot,” Peterson says. “We try to get at that by differentiating ‘real off-roading’ with ‘getting to fish/camp/hike sites’ in our study.” In other words, AutoPacific defines “real” off-roading as driving on rugged off-road trails, versus merely traversing a dirt or gravel path to access a fishing, hiking or camping site, for instance.

“The definition of ‘off-road use’ varies greatly, and we’re OK with that,” says Land Rover’s Burns. “Some customers consider it to be the snowy driveway to the ski house, while others may well define it as scaling the Sierra Nevada mountain range.”

Industry analysts agree that among all luxury SUV brands, Land Rover does the best job of creating